长期化肥配施不同有机肥对土壤和玉米中重金属累积的影响

  【目的】  明确长期化肥配施有机肥对重金属元素在土壤和农作物籽粒、秸秆中积累的影响及其环境效应，为安全高效施肥提供科学依据。  【方法】  在北京市农林科学院新型肥料长期定位试验站进行了为期10年的田间试验，其种植模式为冬小麦–夏玉米轮作，试验处理为不施肥 (CK)、单施化肥 (NPK)、氮磷钾 + 鸡粪堆肥的有机肥料 (NPKJF)、氮磷钾 + 污泥堆肥的有机肥料 (NPKWN)、氮磷钾 + 垃圾堆肥的有机肥料 (NPKLJ) 和氮磷钾 + 秸秆粉碎还田 (NPKJG) 共6个处理，施肥处理依据等氮量施肥原则，每季作物施 N 180 kg/hm2、P₂O₅ 90.0 kg/hm2、K₂O 90.0 kg/hm2。在玉米收获后测定了玉米秸秆、籽粒和0—20 cm耕层土壤中重金属全量。  【结果】  添加污泥处理显著提高了土壤中Cd、Hg、As、Cu、Zn的含量，单因子污染指数分别比对照提高了45.10%、150.00%、104.00%、44.60%、65.80%。不同施肥处理对土壤中全量Cd、Cr、Hg、Cu、Zn存在一定的富集效果。各处理重金属单项污染指数在0.02～0.46，远小于1，综合污染指数为0.23～0.36，均小于0.7，试验区土壤重金属均为无污染等级。施用有机废弃物堆肥的处理玉米籽粒Cd、Cu、Zn含量比对照显著增加，各处理间Hg、As、Cr、Pb、Ni含量差异不显著，连续10年定位施肥后试验站土壤以及玉米籽粒中重金属含量均未超标。同一作物不同部位对重金属的富集能力不同，玉米秸秆对重金属的富集能力大于籽粒。玉米籽粒中Pb、Cu、Zn含量与土壤Pb、Cu、Zn含量存在正相关性，玉米秸秆中Cd、Hg、Cr、Ni含量与土壤中Cd、Hg、Cr、Ni含量呈正相关或者显著负相关。  【结论】  在施氮总量不变的前提下，连续施用供试有机堆肥10年后，土壤重金属含量均未超标，土壤重金属单项污染指数在0.02～0.46，综合污染指数为0.23～0.36，无污染风险。只有污泥堆肥需要加强土壤Cd的监测。玉米秸秆对重金属的富集能力大于籽粒。玉米籽粒中Pb、Cu、Zn含量与土壤相应重金属含量存在正相关性，秸秆中Cd、Pb、Hg、Zn与Cr、Ni含量与土壤中相应重金属含量呈正相关，而秸秆中Cr、Ni含量与土壤中相应重金属含量呈负相关。     

Composition of clay minerals and their pedogenetic and taxonomic implications for Stagnic Anthrosols derived from different parent materials in Hunan Province,China

Purpose

The aims of this study were to investigate the composition of clay minerals in soils derived from different parent materials and to elucidate how parent materials and pedogenic environment affect the distribution of clay minerals and reveal the implications for pedogenetics and taxonomy in Stagnic Anthrosols.

Materials and methods

Clay mineralogy and physicochemical properties of the Hydragric horizon of Stagnic Anthrosols derived from granite (GR), plate shale (PS), quaternary red clays (QRC), limestone (LS), purple sandy shale (PSS) and fluvial-lacustrine deposit (FLD) located in Hunan Province of China were analysed to explore the relationships between the conditions influencing the formation of the soil and the composition of clay minerals.

Results and discussion

Results indicated that the composition of clay minerals is closely related to both parent material and type of Stagnic Anthrosols: the soils derived from GR, PS and QRC, which are mostly classified as Fe-accumulic-Stagnic Anthrosols, are dominantly 1:1 type kaolinite and vermiculite and illite/vermiculite mixed layer minerals of widespread distribution. However, soils derived from LS, PSS and FLD were mainly classified as Hapli-Stagnic Anthrosols and are mainly composed of 2:1 type illite/smectite mixed layer minerals, where chlorite is commonly found. Illite is widely distributed and its content varies the least among different parent materials. An extremely significant relationship between pH and kaolinite, chlorite and mixed layer minerals was noted, and the two kinds of mixed layer minerals showed highly significant negative correlation.

Conclusions

This study revealed that the types and quantities of clay minerals in the soil are closely related to the types of parent material. This reflected better direction and degree of development in Stagnic Anthrosols, which is related to the physicochemical properties of parent material and can be used as one of the bases for the classification of soil groups and subgroups within the soil family for Stagnic Anthrosols in Chinese Soil Taxonomy.

     

A review of carbon isotopes of phytoliths: implications for phytolith-occluded carbon sources

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Phytolith-occluded carbon (PhytOC) is mainly derived from the products of photosynthesis, which can be preserved in soils and sediments for hundreds-to-thousands of...     

Minor topography governing erosional distribution of SOC and temperature sensitivity of CO2 emissions: comparisons between concave and convex toposequence

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Erosion processes spatially redistribute soil particles and the associated carbon across landscapes. Their spatial redistribution pattern is governed by the...     

Mechanisms behind soil N dynamics following cover restoration in degraded land in subtropical China

Purpose

Nitrogen (N) is an important nutrient for re-vegetation during ecosystem restoration, but the effects of cover restoration on soil N transformations are not fully understood. This study was conducted to investigate N transformations in soils with different cover restoration ages in Eastern China.

Materials and methods

Soil samples were collected from four degraded and subsequently restored lands with restoration ages of 7, 17, 23, and 35 years along with an adjacent control of degraded land. A ¹⁵N tracing technique was used to quantify gross N transformation rates.

Results and discussion

Compared with degraded land, soil organic carbon (SOC) and total N (TN) increased by 1.60–3.97 and 2.49–5.36 times in restoration land. Cover restoration increased ammonium and nitrate immobilization, and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) by 0.56–0.96, 0.34–2.10, and 0.79–3.45 times, respectively, indicating that restoration was beneficial for N retention. There were positive correlations between SOC content and ammonium and nitrate immobilization and DNRA, indicating that the increase in soil N retention capacity may be ascribed to increasing SOC concentrations. The stimulating effect of SOC on ammonium immobilization was greater than its effect on organic N mineralization, so while SOC and TN increased, inorganic N supply did not increase. Autotrophic and heterotrophic nitrification increased with increasing SOC and TN concentrations. Notably, heterotrophic nitrification was an important source of NO₃^??N production, accounting for 47–67% of NO₃^??N production among all restoration ages.

Conclusions

The capacity of N retention was improved by cover restoration, leading to an increase in soil organic carbon and total N over time, but inorganic N supply capacity did not change with cover restoration age.

     

Impact of sedimentation history for As distribution in Late Pleistocene-Holocene sediments in the Hetao Basin,China

Journal of Soils and Sediments - To understand the impact of geochemical sedimentation history for arsenic (As) distribution in the sediment profiles of the Hetao Basin, we (1) evaluated sediments...     

棉花根系和叶片质外体汁液分离方法的改进

质外体汁液(apoplastic washing fluid, AWF)在植物生长发育和抵抗生物及非生物逆境方面发挥着重要作用。目前普遍采用真空渗透离心法提取质外体汁液,但具体提取流程和条件却因植物培养条件、种类和器官等不同而不同。本试验以营养液培养的棉花幼苗为材料,改进了棉花根系和叶片AWF分离的取样方法、渗透条件和离心参数等。结果表明,相对于通常的非整体取样,改良后整体取样简单易操作且显著降低了质外体与共质体的苹果酸脱氢酶(malate dehydrogenase, MDH)活性比值,更适宜开展质外体汁液组分研究。根据真空渗透鲜重增加和AWF稀释因子,进一步证明根系不用真空渗透;而叶片需真空渗透,适宜真空强度/时间为-60 kPa/1min,真空后恢复到正常压强约110s。证明叶片颜色变深面积可作为判定真空渗透强度或时间是否适宜的一种简易可行方法。最后,AWF体积、质外体与共质体的可溶性蛋白含量比值和MDH活性比值综合分析表明,棉花根系适宜离心力大小/时间长度为800×g/10～20 min,叶片为400×g/5 min。本改进方法为棉花AWF组分,如蛋白质组学和代谢组学等研究结果的准确性和可靠性奠定了基础,为其他作物AWF分离方法的优化提供了参考。     

苹果幼树钙、镁失调诊断及其对生长发育的影响

以一年生"瑞阳"苹果幼树为试材,采用不同浓度的水培试验,研究了不同钙、镁浓度梯度(Mg0-0 mmol·L-1 MgSO4、Mg2-2 mmol·L-1 MgSO4、Mg6-6 mmol·L-1 MgSO4、Ca0-0 mmol·L-1 CaCl2、Ca5-5 mmol·L-1 CaCl2、Ca15-15 mmol·L-1 CaCl2)对苹果幼树生长发育、光合色素、光合特性的影响,以期为今后果园科学施肥提供参考依据.结果表明:1)在缺镁处理下,苹果幼树叶片叶脉保持绿色,脉间失绿;与正常处理相比,幼树的株高显著下降了41.5％,根系活力显著下降46.6％,叶片中叶绿素a、b、类胡萝卜素含量均显著下降,叶绿素含量下降49.9％,净光合速率显著下降51.7％;2)在高镁处理下,幼树叶片叶缘卷曲,叶背隆起;与正常处理相比,株高下降了28.3％,叶片中叶绿素b含量显著下降16.2％;3)在缺钙处理下,苹果幼树叶片出现棕黄色褪绿斑并且早衰;与正常处理相比显著降低了幼树的株高、茎粗,根系活力显著降低了76.6％,叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素等均显著下降;叶片净光合速率较正常处理显著降低了74.6％,气孔导度和蒸腾速率分别下降47.9％、36.4％;4)在高钙处理下,幼树叶片叶缘呈褐色焦枯状同时叶缘破裂,与正常处理相比,株高显著降低了37.3％,叶片中叶绿素b含量显著下降28.9％.综上所述,钙镁缺乏胁迫下,果树生长发育迟缓,根系吸收养分能力差,叶片失绿黄化,叶绿素合成受阻,光合作用强度降低,而在过量钙镁胁迫下对苹果幼树的影响要小于钙镁缺乏处理.     

运用植被指数时序特征对落叶松人工林分类

为探究植被指数时序特征是否有利于落叶松人工林提取,以孟家岗林场为研究试验区域,根据落叶松人工林季相和物候特征,利用Landsat8OLI影像数据提取研究区内5种植被的归一化植被指数(I NDV)、差值植被指数(I DV)、比值植被指数(I RV)、增强型植被指数(I EV),构建相应的植被指数时序特征。采用最大似然和随机森林两种方法对单一时相影像和加入植被指数时序特征的影像进行对比试验。结果表明:影像中加入植被指数时序特征后,最大似然算法的分类总体精度为89.53%,Kappa系数为0.87,比单一时序特征的影像分类精度提高了13.35%;随机森林算法的森林类型分类总体精度为93.22%,Kappa系数为0.92,比单一时序特征的影像分类精度提高了19.8%。因此,加入植被指数时序特征后能得到更高的落叶松人工林提取精度。     

基于农作制分区的1985—2015年中国小麦生产时空变化

Comparing spatio-temporal variation characteristics of China’s wheat production, yield, sown area and yield-area-contribution in different farming zones in the past 30 years could help improving wheat planting layout and adjusting planting structure. Concentration index, rate of change, moving of gravity and resolution of yield-area-contribution were used to analyze spatio-temporal changes of China’s wheat production and yield-area-contribution based on county wheat production statistics including sown area, production and yield from 1985 to 2015. The wheat sown area decreased obviously in Northeast farming region, Northwest farming region and South farming region and increased rapidly in Huang-Huai-Hai farming region and Yangtze Plain farming region. In Huang-Huai-Hai farming region, the concentration indexes of Haihe Plain farming region, Huang-huai Plain farming region and Fenwei Basin farming region reached to 20.64%, 25.77%, and 21.65% respectively in 2015. Wheat production increased significantly by more than 48 milliontons in Huang-Huai-Hai farming region, and nearly 8 million tons Yangtze Plain farming region but decreased by more than 2.6 million tons in Northeast farming region. In Huang-Huai-Hai farming region, wheat production was concentrated in Haihe Plain farming region, Huang-huai Plain farming region and Yuxi Hill farming region. The average wheat yield continuously improved during the study period, Huang-Huai-Hai farming region and Northwest farming region had the yield increase up to 103.5 kg hm ^-2 and 92.9 kg hm ^-2 each year. Wheat yield in Yuxi Hill farming region, Fenwei Basin farming region and Haihe Plain farming region was relatively high in Huang-Huai-Hai farming region. The yield-reduced area was mainly caused by the decreasing of sown area, while the yield-area-contribution rate was different in yield-increased area. Yield-dominant counties were reduced, area-dominant counties were increased and yield-area-dominant counties were relatively steady. In production increased area, yield-dominant and yield-area-dominant counties were the main types in Huang-Huai-Hai Farming region, area-dominant and yield-area-dominant counties were the main types in Yangtze Plain farming region. Chinese wheat production was increasingly concentrated in Huang-Huai-Hai farming region which has high and rapid increase of wheat yield over the past three decades. Haihe Plain farming region, Huang-huai Plain farming region and Fenwei Basin farming region were the most concentrated areas in Huang-Huai-Hai farming region for wheat production during this period. Wheat yield and sown area jointly promoted the increase of wheat production in Huang-Huai-Hai farming region, wheat sown area was the crucial factor to increase wheat production in Yangtze Plain farming region, especially in the north of Jiangsu, Anhui province and greater part of Xinjiang.